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Fluoride in U.S. consuming water doesn’t cut back IQ, a brand new examine finds

Dr. Mike
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Fluoride in U.S. consuming water doesn’t cut back IQ, a brand new examine finds


Two U.S. states and greater than a dozen cities and counties have moved previously yr to cease including fluoride to group consuming water, citing analysis suggesting the mineral may hurt youngsters’s mind growth.

However a new evaluation of cognitive outcomes tracked over a long time finds no proof that water fluoridation is related to decrease adolescent IQ or diminished psychological talents later in life, researchers report April 13 within the Proceedings of the Nationwide Academy of Sciences.

The outcomes, primarily based on standardized intelligence testing of greater than 10,000 individuals in Wisconsin adopted since their senior yr of highschool in 1957, problem the concept that typical fluoridation ranges in public consuming water pose a neurodevelopmental threat, a central level of rivalry in ongoing coverage debates.

“It’s very robust information,” says Steven Levy, a dentist and public well being researcher on the College of Iowa in Iowa Metropolis who was not concerned within the analysis. “There’s no robust sign in any respect coming by way of that ought to give us concern.”

Nevertheless, given the politically charged nature of water fluoridation and continued variations in how researchers interpret the accessible proof, the findings are unlikely to be the final phrase on the problem.

Fluoride has been added to public water provides in North America because the Nineteen Forties, after research of communities within the western United States confirmed that naturally occurring fluoride in groundwater strengthened tooth enamel and diminished cavities. The follow turned one of the widespread public well being interventions of the twentieth century and is extensively credited with sharply decreasing charges of tooth decay in youngsters.

However starting across the flip of the century, issues about doable neurological results started to floor, fueled largely by research of kids uncovered to unusually excessive ranges of naturally occurring fluoride in groundwater in elements of China, India and elsewhere.

These issues got here to a head final yr when researchers affiliated with the U.S. authorities’s Nationwide Toxicology Program synthesized epidemiological proof and reported a hyperlink between elevated fluoride publicity and decrease IQ scores in youngsters — with the strongest associations noticed at fluoride concentrations above the World Well being Group’s guideline of 1.5 milligrams per liter, and combined outcomes beneath that threshold.

That examine drew widespread consideration, together with from a U.S. federal district courtroom, which cited the discovering in ordering the Environmental Safety Company to evaluation fluoride’s potential neurotoxic results. Federal well being officers additionally referenced the analysis when saying plans to reassess the protection and advantage of ingestible fluoride dietary supplements and to reevaluate public water fluoridation insurance policies.

However many scientists had been much less satisfied. As critics had been fast to level out, a lot of the underlying proof drew from populations uncovered to considerably larger fluoride concentrations than these generally present in North American consuming water. Not one of the research had been performed in the USA, and solely a handful included information from nations with fluoridation practices much like U.S. packages, reminiscent of Canada and New Zealand.

One such critic was Rob Warren, a demographer and public well being researcher on the College of Minnesota in Minneapolis. After listening to U.S. Well being and Human Companies Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. tout the analysis whereas arguing that fluoride publicity may hurt youngsters’s brains, Warren got down to consider whether or not the declare was backed by U.S. information.

First, he checked out cognitive outcomes in a nationally consultant group of practically 58,000 excessive schoolers first surveyed in 1980 and adopted for many years. Warren and his colleagues reported in November in Science Advances that they discovered no proof that fluoride at ranges typical of group water methods harms cognitive efficiency.

However that examine relied on tutorial achievement measures quite than direct IQ assessments, making it tougher to immediately examine its findings with these of the Nationwide Toxicology Program evaluation. What’s extra, it may solely approximate childhood fluoride consumption primarily based on college location. What Warren wanted was a dataset with each standardized IQ scores and detailed residential histories — and he discovered it within the Badger State.

The brand new longitudinal examine of Wisconsinites extends the sooner evaluation with extra exact measures of each cognitive capacity and length of publicity to fluoridated water. In the end, it arrives on the similar conclusion as earlier research: Throughout a number of statistical fashions and sensitivity analyses, group water fluoridation on the present guideline degree of 0.7 milligrams per liter was not related to cognitive outcomes throughout the course of a life. “The declare about IQ simply doesn’t maintain up,” Warren says.

Not everyone seems to be persuaded, although. As an illustration, as a result of the individuals had been born earlier than widespread water fluoridation, the evaluation doesn’t seize publicity throughout delicate formative years durations reminiscent of gestation and infancy, when the mind is creating most quickly, says Christine Until, a neuropsychologist at York College in Toronto. It additionally lacks direct measures of fluoride consumption, as a substitute inferring publicity from place of residence and overlooking different sources reminiscent of dietary supplements.

As such, the findings “must be interpreted cautiously,” Until says.

As governments weigh whether or not to maintain fluoride within the faucet, researchers agree on a minimum of one level: The struggle over its results on the mind is much from over.


Lunar interval approximations

Dr. Mike
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Lunar interval approximations


The date of Easter

The church mounted Easter to be the primary Sunday after the primary full moon after the Spring equinox. They had been selecting a date within the Roman (Julian) calendar to commemorate an occasion whose date was identified in response to the Jewish lunisolar calendar, therefore the reference to equinoxes and full moons.

The earlier submit defined why the Jap and Western dates of Easter differ. The first cause is that each church buildings use March 21 as the primary day of Spring, however the Jap church makes use of March 21 on the Julian calendar and the Western church makes use of March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

However that’s not the one distinction. The church buildings selected completely different algorithms for calculating when the primary full moon can be. The date of Easter doesn’t rely upon the date of the complete moon per se, however the strategies used to foretell full moons.

This submit will present why figuring out the date of the complete moon is messy.

Lunation size

The moon takes between 29 and 30 days between full moons (or between new moons, that are simpler to objectively measure). This era known as a lunation. The typical size of a lunation is L = 29.530588853 days. This isn’t a handy quantity to work with, and so there’s no easy means of reconciling the orbital interval of the moon with the rotation interval of the earth [1]. Lunar calendars alternate months with 29 and 30 days, however they will’t be very correct, in order that they must have some fudge issue analogous to leap years.

The worth of L was identified from historical instances. Meton of Athens calculated in 432 BC that 235 lunar cycles equaled 19 tropical years or 6940 days. This corresponds to L ≈ 29.5319. Round a century later the Greek scholar Callippus refined this to 940 cycles in 76 years or 27,759 days. This corresponds to L ≈ 29.53085.

The issue wasn’t realizing L however devising a handy means of working with L. There isn’t a solution to work with lunations that’s as straightforward as the best way the Julian (and even the extra difficult Gregorian) calendar reconciles days with years.

Approximations

Let’s have a look at the accuracy of a number of approximations for L. We’d like an approximation that’s not solely correct in an absolute sense, but additionally correct relative to its complexity. The complexity of a fraction is measured by a peak operate. We’ll use what’s referred to as the “basic” peak operate: log( max(n, d) ) the place n and d are the numerator and denominator of a fraction. Since we’re approximating a quantity greater than 1, this shall be merely log(n).

We’ll evaluate the primary 5 convergents, approximations that come from the continued fraction type of L, and the approximations of Meton and Callippus. Right here’s a plot.

And right here’s the code that produced the plot, exhibiting the fractions used.

from numpy import log
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fracs = [
    (30, 1), 
    (59, 2),
    (443, 15),
    (502, 17),
    (1447, 49),
    (6940, 235),
    (27759, 940)
]

def error(n, d):
    L = 29.530588853    
    return abs(n/d - L)

for f in fracs:
    plt.plot(log(f[0]), log(error(*f)), 'o')
plt.xlabel("log numerator")
plt.ylabel("log error")
plt.present()

The approximation 1447/49 is the very best by far, each in absolute phrases and relative to the dimensions of the numerator. However it’s not very helpful for calendar design as a result of 1447 shouldn’t be properly associated to the variety of days in a yr.

 

[1] The time between full moons is a synodic month, the time it takes for the moon to return to the identical place relative to the solar. That is longer than a sidereal month, the time it takes the moon to finish one orbit relative to the mounted stars.

Updating my workflow and abilities

Dr. Mike
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Updating my workflow and abilities


I spent the weekend in New York for NABE and noticed my first Broadway present, Buena Vista Social Membership. It was extraordinary. I can’t bear in mind a time I’ve ever seen actors and musicians like that, and the way the viewers was drawn into the efficiency. I used to be surprised. The Havana social golf equipment will need to have been extraordinary. However immediately is about Claude Code.

Within the final put up about Claude Code, I began strolling us by way of the decomposition of the TWFE weights in steady diff-in-diff. And to do this, I had had Claude Code make a “lovely deck” solely about these weights. However each that deck, but additionally a couple of different decks since then, prompted me to wish to rework that ability, and that’s what immediately is about — the updating of my /beautiful_deck ability, in addition to a couple of others. These are the talents I exploit now fairly often, and so I needed to share what I modified, and why.

That is the primary time I’ve actually tried to enhance abilities relatively than simply create them as soon as or simply use them. To this point, I’d been letting Claude Code manufacture the talents totally based mostly on vibed descriptions and what I used to be going after. I’d describe what I needed, Claude would write the directions, and I’d invoke them. However I’d observed that one in all them actually wasn’t working proper, and the method of determining why taught me one thing about what these abilities really are and the way they fail.

My /beautiful_deck ability was my try to automate the language of calling up a brand new presentation. Moderately than at all times saying “make a lovely deck, learn the Rhetoric of Decks essays, one concept per slide, assertion titles, Gov 2001 palette, compile to zero warnings” — I attempted to seize all of that in a single invocable ability. One command, and the primary go of a deck occurs robotically. Then I transfer right into a refining stage of iteration.

It wasn’t that I used to be making an attempt to automate the deck creation. Moderately, I used to be making an attempt to get down a primary draft in order that I may transfer into the stage I favor which is to really feel out the discuss, get a way of the path it might take, works backwards from sure subjects or spots, and therapeutic massage out problematic components of the lecture. I used to be more and more letting Claude piece collectively a lecture based mostly on a wide range of instructions I might give, and supplies, together with my very own writings and scribbles, and as my desire is for all my talks to now lean closely on displaying knowledge quantification in addition to graphic-based narrative, I tended to additionally request graphics from Tikz and .png produced by R and python.

And it principally labored. It was an excellent start line and I discovered it good for what I used to be needing to get the refinement stage to work. The execution from my outlines have been strong, the slides have been lovely, the balancing of concepts throughout slides in order that the cognitive density was minimized was working.

However the TikZ execution had a reasonably excessive error charge. I used to be nonetheless not getting the clear diagrams I needed. Labels would sit on prime of arrows, textual content would overflow bins, and the compile loop would spin making an attempt to make things better that have been generated unsuitable within the first place.

The final half was additionally new. I had been looking for a strategy to instill extra self-discipline within the Tikz graphs by having Claude repair them by way of a sequence of checks, pondering that perhaps the rationale these arrows on prime of objects, and so forth., could possibly be addressed by, on the again finish, having Claude systematically edit graphs by way of checks.

However this because it turned out was a mistake. What I discovered was that the ability had inadvertently instructed Claude what to audit after technology however by no means instructed it the right way to generate TikZ safely within the first place. The downstream restore software — my /tikz audit ability — was being requested to repair issues that have been baked in from the beginning: autosized nodes that made arrow endpoints unpredictable, labels with out directional key phrases touchdown on arrows, scale components that shrank coordinates however not textual content, and parameterized type definitions (#1) inside Beamer frames the place the # character will get consumed by Beamer’s argument parser earlier than TikZ ever sees it.

So, Claude advised a brand new repair which was a brand new part within the ability (Step 4.4) with six technology guidelines. Specific node dimensions on each node. Directional key phrases on each edge label. A coordinate-map remark block earlier than each diagram. Canonical templates for frequent diagram sorts. By no means use scale on complicated figures. And crucially: by no means outline parameterized types inside a Beamer body — outline all of them within the preamble with tikzset{}.

I additionally added what I’m calling a circuit breaker. The previous ability mentioned “recompile till clear,” which Claude interpreted as “preserve making an attempt eternally.” When a compile error resisted three totally different repair makes an attempt, the agent would spiral — every repair introducing new issues that obscured the unique error. I watched one session burn an hour doing this. The circuit breaker says: after three failed approaches to the identical error, cease modifying, inform me precisely what’s occurring, and ask the right way to proceed. The price of stopping is 2 minutes. The price of spiraling is an hour and a file that’s worse than while you began.

I don’t know but whether or not these modifications have really improved the ability. Final night time I watched it generate a 42-slide deck that was genuinely beautiful in conception — the rhetoric, the construction, the visible design have been all precisely what I needed. But it surely obtained caught in a problem-solving loop for an hour on TikZ compile errors. So the circuit breaker wants tightening, and there’s most likely a Rule 7 about not producing 35 tikzpictures in a single Beamer doc. I’m studying. These are my first actual makes an attempt at bettering abilities relatively than simply utilizing them.

If you wish to strive /beautiful_deck, and provides me suggestions, please do. It’s attainable that I simply can’t automate the “lovely photos” and that perhaps the optimum strategy was what I used to be initially doing which was to simply iterate quite a bit till the figures are good, relatively than have it extra automated up entrance. I do just like the invoking of my rhetoric of decks essay, however I suppose I preserve hoping I can discover a approach to assist Claude acknowledge these errors within the Tikz graphics, regardless of his incapability purpose spatially.

Thanks for studying Scott’s Mixtape Substack! This put up is public so be happy to share it.

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My /split-pdf ability is the one I exploit most. It takes an instructional paper — a PDF file or a search question — and splits it into four-page chunks, reads them in small batches, and writes structured notes. The rationale it exists is easy: traditionally, for me, Claude would crash or hallucinates on lengthy PDFs. Splitting forces cautious studying and externalizes comprehension into markdown notes.

Just a few days in the past, Ben Bentzin — an affiliate professor of instruction on the McCombs Faculty of Enterprise at UT Austin — wrote to me. He’d tailored the ability for his personal workflows and made a number of enhancements that have been higher than what I had. The core was the identical, however he’d recognized issues I hadn’t observed.

His largest contribution was agent isolation. When one other ability calls /split-pdf — say, /beautiful_deck studying a paper earlier than producing slides — every PDF web page renders as picture knowledge within the dialog context. A 35-page paper can add 10-20MB. After studying two or three massive PDFs on prime of prior work, the dialog hits the API request measurement restrict and turns into unrecoverable. Ben’s repair: run the PDF studying inside a subagent. The subagent reads the pages, writes plain-text output, and the dad or mum ability solely reads the textual content. The picture knowledge stays contained.

He additionally added persistent extraction. In any case batches are learn, the ability saves a structured _text.md file alongside the supply PDF. On future invocations, it checks for this file first and gives to reuse it — skipping re-reading totally. The primary deep learn may cost 4 rounds of PDF rendering. The second prices one markdown file learn. He added break up reuse too — if splits exist already from a earlier run, provide to reuse them relatively than re-splitting. And he switched to in-place PDF dealing with, so the ability works wherever your file already lives relatively than copying all the things right into a centralized articles/ folder.

I wrote the implementation independently — the code in my repo is mine — however the concepts are his, and I credited him by title within the ability’s documentation. In the event you’ve been utilizing /split-pdf, the brand new model is noticeably quicker and extra dependable on multi-paper periods. Thanks Ben — I’m grateful you discovered a strategy to make important enhancements on this sensible ability.

Go away a remark

This one is new. It was known as /fletcher, after Jason Fletcher at Wisconsin, who was the one who curiously questioned about rounding in my put up about p-hacking. I had interpreted heaps of t-statistics round 1.96 essential worth as proof of p-hacking within the APE undertaking (AI generated papers), however Jason had observed comparable heaps at 1 and three, which might’ve made heaps at non-random intervals (1, 2 and three). Because it turned out, the heaps have been generated through the use of imprecise coefficients and commonplace errors, extracted from the papers themselves and never the uncooked knowledge and precise code (which I didn’t have). The extra imprecise our coefficients and commonplace errors are, the extra you find yourself with rounded t-stats that heap at non-random intervals — a fairly fascinating mathematical phenomena, to be sincere, and perhaps one of many extra spectacular issues to return out of that train. I didn’t see it, although, as a result of I merely couldn’t see the issues “off digicam”, as I used to be so centered on what I used to be centered on — the heaping at 1.96.

So, I developed /fletcher as a result of I needed to attempt to instill a self-discipline to catch errors earlier, however not a lot coding errors, because the forms of errors I’m vulnerable to once I can’t see the forest for the bushes. Was there a strategy to get an neutral spectator to return into the undertaking quickly and sometimes to easily look close to the undertaking’s focus, however not straight at the undertaking’s focus? Typically when you can look away from one thing, you may see it higher, and in order that was the aim of that ability

I resolve to rename it /blindspot as a result of that’s what it really does, and a descriptive title communicates the idea to somebody who hasn’t learn the origin story.

The theoretical body comes from Viktor Shklovsky, the Soviet literary theorist, who argued that artwork exists to revive notion. His metaphor: a person who walks barefoot up a mountain ultimately can’t really feel his toes. All the pieces turns into routine, automated, unconscious. Artwork exists to make the stone stony once more — to drive you to really feel what you may have stopped noticing.

For me, analysis often has the identical downside. By the point I’ve spent months on a paper, I can’t really feel the stones beneath my toes. The primary discovering has collapsed my consideration. All the pieces else within the output — the coefficient that flips signal in a single spec, the pattern measurement that drops between columns, the heterogeneity richer than the typical impact — has turn out to be invisible or just interpretable in a type of senseless, defensive approach.

Blindspot is organized round a 2×2 grid of vices (issues hiding in plain sight) and virtues (alternatives being neglected). Vice 1 is the Unexplained Function — one thing within the output that doesn’t match the story however no one requested about it. Vice 2 is the Handy Absence — the robustness verify by no means run, the subgroup by no means examined, the canine that didn’t bark. Advantage 1 is the Unasked Query — heterogeneity that’s extra fascinating than the typical, a mechanism seen within the knowledge however absent from the speculation. Advantage 2 is the Unexploited Power — an identification argument stronger than the paper claims, a falsification take a look at that might crush the primary objection however was by no means run.

I run /blindspot earlier than I run /referee2, and the excellence issues. Referee 2 is a well being inspector. It checks whether or not your code is right, whether or not the pipeline replicates throughout languages, whether or not the identification technique is sound. It runs in a recent session with a Claude occasion that has by no means seen the undertaking, as a result of the Claude that constructed the code can’t objectively audit it. Referee 2 asks: is that this applied appropriately?

Blindspot asks a special query: are you able to see what’s in entrance of you? It runs in the identical session, in the mean time output first seems, earlier than you’ve began writing. It doesn’t want separation from the working session as a result of it’s not auditing implementation — it’s auditing notion. You’re the proper individual to do this, with a structured forcing operate to look previous what you anticipate to see. I would like one thing that may pull again and never get so into the weeds that it misses the plain.

The workflow is: produce output, run /blindspot, interpret and write, full the undertaking, then open a recent terminal and run /referee2. Between the 2 of them, they cowl what I consider as the 2 failure modes: not seeing what’s there, and never catching what’s unsuitable.

I’m a newbie in the case of making abilities. These are mine. They’re out there at github.com/scunning1975/mixtapetools, and I’d welcome anybody who needs to adapt them, enhance them, or inform me what I’m lacking. That’s how the split-pdf enhancements occurred, and I think it’s how the subsequent ones will too.

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MCP Fundamentals | Kodeco

Dr. Mike
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MCP Fundamentals | Kodeco



Apr 10 2026, Python 3, JavaScript, macOS , Home windows, VS Code


Go away a score/overview

Discover ways to construct actual purposes with the Mannequin Context Protocol (MCP), from first ideas to superior integrations. On this course, you’ll begin by understanding the core MCP structure and constructing your first server with Python and FastMCP. You’ll then add Instruments, Assets, and Prompts, examine them with MCP Inspector, and transfer on to constructing customized MCP purchasers that may work programmatically with LLMs via the Anthropic API.
From there, you’ll discover superior options corresponding to Elicitation for human-in-the-loop workflows, Roots for filesystem safety, and Sampling for client-side AI execution. Lastly, you’ll convey every thing collectively by constructing a full-stack ChatGPT App that serves a React frontend from a Python MCP backend utilizing the OpenAI Apps SDK.
By the tip of the course, you’ll perceive how MCP hosts, purchasers, and servers match collectively, methods to design dependable software schemas and assets, and methods to ship MCP-powered experiences that work in desktop purchasers, customized packages, and ChatGPT.

By arjuna sky kok.

Breaking Down the .claude Folder

Dr. Mike
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Breaking Down the .claude Folder



Picture by Writer

 

# Introduction

 
You open a mission, run a Claude-powered device, and out of the blue, there’s a new folder sitting in your listing named .claude. You didn’t create it. It was not there earlier than. And if you’re like most builders, your first intuition is to marvel whether it is secure to delete.

The .claude folder is created by instruments that combine with Claude to retailer native state. It retains monitor of how the mannequin behaves inside your mission. That features configuration, cached information, job definitions, and generally context that helps the system keep constant throughout runs.

At first look, it seems to be small and straightforward to disregard. However when you begin working with agent-based workflows or repeated duties, this folder turns into a part of how issues really perform. Take away it, and you aren’t simply cleansing up recordsdata — you’re resetting how Claude interacts along with your mission.

What makes it complicated is that nothing explicitly explains it when it seems. There isn’t any immediate saying “that is the place your synthetic intelligence system shops its working state.” It simply exhibits up and begins doing its job quietly within the background. Understanding what’s on this folder and the way it works might help you keep away from unintentionally breaking issues, and, extra importantly, it helps you utilize these instruments extra successfully.

Let’s study what is definitely contained in the .claude folder and the way it impacts your workflow.

 

# Understanding the .claude Folder

 
The .claude folder is a hidden listing that acts as a neighborhood workspace for instruments constructed round Claude. The dot at first merely means it’s hidden by default, much like folders like .git or .vscode.

At its core, this folder exists to retailer state. While you work together with Claude by means of a command line interface (CLI) device, an agent framework, or a neighborhood integration, the system wants a spot to maintain monitor of what’s occurring inside your mission. That features configuration settings, intermediate information, and generally reminiscence that carries throughout periods.

With out this folder, each interplay would begin from scratch. It helps to consider .claude because the layer that connects your mission to the mannequin. The mannequin itself doesn’t bear in mind something between runs until you explicitly present context. This folder fills that hole by storing the items wanted to make interactions really feel constant and repeatable.

 

# Establishing Why the Folder Is Created

 
The .claude folder is often created robotically the second you begin utilizing a Claude-powered device inside a mission. This may occur in just a few frequent eventualities. You is likely to be operating a Claude CLI device, experimenting with an agent workflow, or utilizing a improvement surroundings that integrates Claude into your mission. As quickly because the system must persist one thing regionally, the folder is created.

The rationale it exists comes right down to persistence and management.

  • First, it permits the system to retailer project-specific context. As a substitute of treating each request as remoted, Claude can reference earlier runs, saved directions, or structured information tied to your mission.
  • Second, it helps keep constant habits. In case you configure how the mannequin ought to reply, what instruments it may possibly use, or how duties are structured, these settings have to dwell someplace. The .claude folder turns into that supply of reality.
  • Third, it helps extra superior workflows. While you transfer past easy prompts into multi-step duties or brokers that execute sequences of actions, the system wants a technique to monitor progress. That monitoring usually occurs inside this folder.

 

# Analyzing Widespread Recordsdata and Construction

 
When you open the .claude folder, the construction often begins to make extra sense. Whereas it may possibly range relying on the device you’re utilizing, most setups observe the same sample.

  • config.json: That is usually the start line. The config file shops how Claude ought to behave inside your mission. That features mannequin preferences, API-related settings, and generally directions that information responses or workflows. If one thing feels off about how the system is responding, that is usually the primary place to verify.
  • reminiscence/ or context/: These folders retailer items of knowledge that persist throughout interactions. Relying on the setup, this could possibly be dialog historical past, embeddings, or structured context that the system can reuse. That is what gives the look that Claude “remembers” issues between runs. It isn’t reminiscence within the human sense, however saved context that will get reloaded when wanted.
  • brokers/ or duties/: If you’re working with agent-based workflows, this folder turns into vital. It comprises definitions for duties, directions for multi-step processes, and generally the logic that guides how completely different steps are executed. As a substitute of a single immediate, you’re coping with structured workflows that may run throughout a number of levels.
  • logs/: That is the debugging layer. The logs folder retains monitor of what occurred throughout execution. Requests, responses, errors, and intermediate steps can all be recorded right here relying on the device.
  • cache/: This folder is all about pace. It shops short-term information so the system doesn’t need to recompute all the pieces from scratch each time. Which may embrace cached responses, intermediate outcomes, or processed information. It doesn’t change how the system behaves, however it makes it sooner and extra environment friendly.

 

# Explaining How the Folder Operates

 
Understanding the construction is helpful, however the actual worth comes from seeing how all the pieces suits collectively throughout execution. The move is pretty easy when you break it down.

A person runs a job. This could possibly be a easy question, a command, or a multi-step agent workflow. Then the system first checks the configuration. It reads from config.json to know the way it ought to behave — which mannequin to make use of, what constraints exist, and the way the duty must be dealt with.

Subsequent, it hundreds any obtainable context. This might come from the reminiscence or context folder. If earlier interactions or saved information are related, they’re pulled in at this stage. Then the duty is executed. If it’s a easy request, the mannequin generates a response. Whether it is an agent workflow, the system could undergo a number of steps, calling instruments, processing information, and making choices alongside the way in which.

As this occurs, the system writes again to the .claude folder. Logs are up to date, new context could also be saved, and cache entries might be created to hurry up future runs. What you find yourself with is a loop. Every interplay reads from the folder, performs work, and writes again into it.

That is how the state is maintained. As a substitute of each request being remoted, the .claude folder permits the system to construct continuity. It retains monitor of what has occurred, what issues, and the way future duties ought to behave.

 

How the .claude folder actually works
The operational move of the .claude folder | Picture by Writer

 

To make this extra concrete, let’s take a look at a easy instance of what a .claude folder would possibly appear like in an actual mission:

.claude/
config.json
reminiscence/
brokers/
logs/
cache/

 

Now think about you run a command like this:

claude run "Summarize all person suggestions from the final 7 days"

 

Here’s what occurs behind the scenes:

First, the system reads from config.json. This tells it which mannequin to make use of, how responses must be structured, and whether or not any particular instruments or constraints are enabled. Subsequent, it checks the reminiscence/ or context/ folder. If there’s saved information associated to previous suggestions summaries or earlier runs, that context could also be loaded to information the response.

If the duty is a part of an outlined workflow, the system may look into the brokers/ folder. For instance, it’d discover a predefined sequence like:

  • Fetch suggestions information
  • Filter by date
  • Summarize outcomes

As a substitute of doing all the pieces in a single step, it follows that construction. As the duty runs, the system writes to the logs/ folder. This may embrace what steps have been executed, any errors encountered, and the ultimate output generated. On the similar time, the cache/ folder could also be up to date. If sure information or intermediate outcomes are prone to be reused, they’re saved right here to make future runs sooner.

By the point the command finishes, a number of components of the .claude folder have been learn from and written to. The system has not simply produced an output. It has up to date its working state, and that’s the key concept: every run builds on high of what’s already there.

 

# Evaluating the Deletion of the .claude Folder

 
Sure, you possibly can delete the .claude folder. Nothing will break completely. However there are penalties. While you take away it, you’re clearing all the pieces the system has saved regionally. That features configuration settings, cached information, and any context that has been constructed up over time.

Probably the most noticeable impression is the lack of reminiscence. Any context that helped Claude behave persistently throughout runs can be gone. The following time you run a job, it can really feel like ranging from scratch. You may additionally lose customized configurations. In case you have adjusted how the mannequin behaves or arrange particular workflows, these settings will disappear until they’re outlined elsewhere. Cached information is one other piece. With out it, the system could take longer to run duties as a result of it has to recompute all the pieces once more.

That stated, there are occasions when deleting the folder is definitely helpful. If one thing isn’t working as anticipated, clearing the .claude folder can act as a reset. It removes corrupted state, outdated context, or misconfigurations that is likely to be inflicting points. It’s also secure to delete if you desire a clear begin for a mission. The vital factor is to know what you’re eradicating. It isn’t only a folder — it’s the working reminiscence of your Claude setup.

 

# Implementing Greatest Practices for Administration

 
When you perceive what the .claude folder does, the subsequent step is managing it correctly. Most points builders run into usually are not as a result of the folder exists, however as a result of it’s dealt with carelessly.

One of many first issues to do is add it to your .gitignore file. Typically, this folder comprises native state that shouldn’t be dedicated. Issues like cached information, logs, and short-term context are particular to your surroundings and may create noise or conflicts in a shared repository.

There are just a few uncommon circumstances the place committing components of it’d make sense. For instance, in case your staff depends on shared agent definitions or structured workflows saved contained in the folder, you would possibly need to model these particular recordsdata. Even then, it’s higher to extract them right into a separate, cleaner construction reasonably than committing the complete folder.

Safety is one other vital consideration. Relying on how your setup works, the .claude folder could include delicate data. Logs can embrace person inputs or system outputs. Config recordsdata would possibly reference API-related settings. By accident committing these to a public repository is a straightforward technique to expose information you didn’t intend to share.

Retaining the folder clear additionally helps. Over time, cache recordsdata and logs can develop, particularly in lively initiatives. Periodically clearing pointless recordsdata can forestall muddle and cut back the probabilities of operating into stale or conflicting state.

 

The system interaction with the .claude folder
The system interplay with the .claude folder | Picture by Writer

 

 

# Figuring out Widespread Developer Errors

 
A lot of the points across the .claude folder don’t come from the device itself, however from how it’s dealt with. Listed here are some frequent errors builders make:

  • One frequent mistake is deleting it with out understanding the impression. It seems to be like a brief folder, so it’s straightforward to take away when cleansing up a mission. The issue is that doing this resets all the pieces. Reminiscence, cached context, and generally configuration are all misplaced, which may break workflows or change how the system behaves.
  • One other mistake is committing it to model management with out checking what’s inside. This may result in delicate information being pushed to a repository. Logs could include person inputs or inside outputs, and config recordsdata can generally expose settings that ought to keep native. It’s a straightforward oversight that may create actual issues later.
  • Ignoring logs is one other missed alternative. When one thing goes mistaken, many builders bounce straight to altering prompts or code. In the meantime, the logs/ folder usually comprises clear indicators about what really occurred throughout execution. Skipping this step makes debugging more durable than it must be.

 

# Concluding Ideas

 
The .claude folder would possibly appear like simply one other hidden listing, however it performs a central function in how Claude operates inside your mission. It’s the place configuration lives, the place context is saved, and the place execution leaves its hint. With out it, each interplay can be remoted and stateless. With it, workflows turn out to be constant, repeatable, and extra highly effective.

Understanding this folder adjustments how you’re employed with Claude. As a substitute of guessing what is going on behind the scenes, you begin to see how the state is managed, how duties are executed, and the place issues can go mistaken.
 
 

Shittu Olumide is a software program engineer and technical author keen about leveraging cutting-edge applied sciences to craft compelling narratives, with a eager eye for element and a knack for simplifying advanced ideas. You can too discover Shittu on Twitter.



Why AI-Native IDP Outperform Legacy IDPs Doc Workflows

Dr. Mike
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0
Why AI-Native IDP Outperform Legacy IDPs Doc Workflows


The hole between AI-native doc processing platforms and legacy distributors like ABBYY and Kofax runs deeper than OCR accuracy or characteristic parity. These merchandise replicate basically totally different working philosophies – and people variations compound over time in ways in which matter commercially.

Organizations that deal with this as a like-for-like know-how comparability are inclined to underestimate the whole value of operating legacy platforms in manufacturing. The extra revealing query is how a lot operational effort every platform calls for after go-live, as doc complexity grows and enterprise guidelines evolve.

The Working Mannequin Hole

ABBYY Vantage and Kofax (now Tungsten Automation) had been engineered round specific configuration administration. Classification, extraction, evaluate, and course of orchestration exist as distinct elements, every requiring separate setup and upkeep. When new doc codecs arrive like new provider layouts, irregular desk constructions, multilingual attachments – groups usually want to regulate extraction logic, retrain particular elements, or introduce new evaluate steps. That mannequin gives configurability, at the price of sustained administrative overhead.

Nanonets was designed round a distinct working assumption: that doc variation is the norm, and the platform ought to soak up it constantly fairly than require intervention every time. Person corrections feed again into the system mechanically. Exception dealing with, validation, workflow routing, and downstream integrations run inside a single surroundings. The result’s a platform that turns into extra succesful by way of on a regular basis use, with minimal specialist involvement.

The sensible distinction surfaces at scale. Organizations operating excessive exception volumes on ABBYY or Kofax usually keep a everlasting backlog of edge circumstances, every requiring deliberate configuration work. The identical quantity on Nanonets is dealt with largely by way of the suggestions loop, with enterprise customers resolving exceptions instantly fairly than escalating to IT or implementation companions.

Why ABBYY and Kofax Are Structurally Slower to Adapt

The structure of legacy IDP platforms displays the period during which they had been constructed. ABBYY exposes pre-trained fashions, customized fashions, and human-in-the-loop optimization steps as separate elements that have to be wired collectively by specialists. Kofax retains trainable locators, data bases, and method-specific studying configurations that every carry their very own upkeep necessities.

These design decisions made sense when doc workflows had been comparatively steady, IT groups managed deployments in managed environments, and implementation companions absorbed operational complexity between releases. They create significant drag in fashionable environments the place doc varieties change steadily and operations groups are lean.

Every new edge case in ABBYY or Kofax turns into a configuration challenge. Over time, the workflow accumulates layers of guidelines, exceptions to these guidelines, and compensating logic – a technical debt that grows quicker than most organizations anticipate at procurement.

The Nanonets Structure Benefit

Nanonets builds from generalized mannequin habits fairly than discrete, individually educated elements. The platform is designed to adapt by way of use: corrections made throughout regular operations enhance future extraction with out requiring a separate retraining workflow or specialist involvement.

This architectural alternative has three compounding results. First, the system improves constantly as quantity will increase, which implies efficiency tends to get stronger over time fairly than degrading as new codecs seem. Second, enterprise customers can take part meaningfully in system enchancment – they aren’t locked out of the suggestions loop behind a configuration interface designed for specialists. Third, the floor space for failure is smaller as a result of the platform has fewer independently configured elements that may fall out of sync.

That extends to downstream communication as nicely. When Nanonets identifies a discrepancy – a mismatched bill line, a lacking subject, an quantity exterior tolerance – it will possibly mechanically notify the related vendor by e mail after which proceed the workflow primarily based on the response obtained by way of Groups or Outlook. The exception is resolved end-to-end inside the platform, with no guide handoff required. In ABBYY or Kofax, the identical state of affairs usually surfaces as a evaluate queue merchandise {that a} human should triage, escalate, and shut out individually.

For organizations managing transaction-heavy doc environments – accounts payable, commerce finance, insurance coverage consumption, logistics documentation – the power to deal with format variation and exception development with out proportional will increase in administrative effort is a cloth operational benefit.

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How Purchaser Historical past Formed Product Design

ABBYY and Kofax grew with enterprise IT patrons who valued governance, deployment flexibility, and granular configurability. These organizations had been keen to put money into complicated, multi-month implementations and keep devoted inside admin groups or specialist companions. The merchandise had been constructed to fulfill that purchaser profile.

Nanonets grew with operations and finance groups who wanted quicker time to worth and decrease ongoing upkeep. The industrial mannequin – self-serve onboarding, usage-linked pricing, no-code interfaces – pressured the product to soak up complexity that legacy distributors had offloaded to implementation companions.

The implication for procurement groups is direct. When evaluating ABBYY or Kofax, the trustworthy value mannequin consists of implementation companies, specialist configuration, ongoing administration, and companion help required to maintain the workflow. When evaluating Nanonets, these prices are considerably lowered as a result of the product is designed to operate with out them.

Complete Price of Possession Favors Nanonets

Legacy IDP distributors usually worth by way of enterprise procurement mechanisms: giant upfront commitments, multi-year contracts, and companies income that scales with implementation complexity. The bottom platform license is one line merchandise in a broader industrial construction.

Nanonets makes use of consumption-linked pricing that scales with precise utilization fairly than with organizational dimension or implementation scope. Groups can deploy a targeted workflow, validate the return, and increase incrementally – a mannequin that reduces each preliminary monetary publicity and the price of course-correcting if necessities change.

The price divergence widens post-deployment. ABBYY and Kofax require ongoing funding as paperwork change and enterprise guidelines evolve. Every adaptation cycle attracts on specialist time, whether or not inside or by way of a companion. Nanonets absorbs the identical modifications by way of its suggestions and studying structure, with considerably decrease marginal value per adaptation.

Throughout a three-to-five 12 months working horizon, organizations operating high-variation doc workflows on Nanonets persistently present decrease complete value of possession – even when the preliminary platform worth seems comparable.

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The place Legacy Platforms Retain an Benefit

ABBYY and Kofax retain real strengths in particular deployment contexts. Organizations with strict information residency necessities, closely regulated environments that mandate on-premises infrastructure, or workflows so steady and well-defined that configuration overhead is a one-time value might discover that legacy platforms meet their wants adequately.

For these organizations, the depth of configurability and the maturity of enterprise controls in ABBYY and Kofax carry actual worth.

The Strategic Implication

For many organizations, the related query is whether or not the working mannequin they’re procuring immediately will scale with their doc complexity over the following a number of years – and whether or not it is going to achieve this with out a proportional improve in administrative value.

ABBYY and Kofax are succesful platforms with deep characteristic units. They’re additionally platforms whose design assumptions favor steady, managed environments managed by specialists. As doc volumes develop, exception charges improve, and operations groups face strain to do extra with much less, these assumptions develop into a legal responsibility.

Nanonets was constructed for precisely the surroundings most organizations discover themselves in: excessive variation, lean groups, and a necessity for steady adaptation. The structure helps it, the working mannequin allows it, and the industrial construction displays it.

Organizations evaluating IDP platforms ought to assess complete value of possession over a sensible working horizon, stress-test every platform towards their precise exception quantity and charge of doc change, and resist the tendency to guage on idealized workflow design fairly than manufacturing circumstances.

Moto Razr Extremely 2026 most likely will not make any enormous waves with these alleged specs

Dr. Mike
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Moto Razr Extremely 2026 most likely will not make any enormous waves with these alleged specs


What you might want to know

  • Moto’s Razr Extremely 2026 allegedly had its specs aired, and it appears the system would possibly keep as delicate as its design rumors.
  • The Extremely 2026 might retain its 4-inch cowl and 7-inch interior shows; nevertheless, a 300mAh increase would possibly deliver its battery to five,000mAh.
  • Different areas stay the identical as 2025 and, sure, that features its SoC, which could stick to the Snapdragon 8 Elite.
  • Rumors proceed to invest that an April launch may very well be upon us.

Moto Razr 2026 rumors have been slowly rising to the floor, and what’s come to gentle now continues to be fairly delicate.

Earlier at the moment (Apr 13), an Android Headlines publish alleges what Motorola might have cooking for its Razr Extremely 2026 by way of specs. Proper off the bat, the rumored specs counsel the corporate is seeking to improve one space: its battery. The Moto Razr Extremely 2026 might debut with a boosted 5,000mAh battery. When you’ve bought an Extremely 2025, you’d know that that is minimal, as that foldable rocks a 4,700mAh cell. So, the rumors paint a 300mAh improve.

Individual functionally cured of HIV after bone marrow transplant from sibling

Dr. Mike
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Individual functionally cured of HIV after bone marrow transplant from sibling


April 13, 2026

3 min learn

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Individual functionally cured of HIV after bone marrow transplant from sibling

A person with HIV has gone into remission after receiving bone marrow from his brother, who has a uncommon mutation that stops the operate of receptors that HIV binds to

By Emma Gometz edited by Tanya Lewis

Colorized transmission electron micrograph of numerous HIV-1 virus particles (blue) replicating from a segment of a chronically infected H9 T cell (red).

Colorized transmission electron micrograph of quite a few HIV-1 virus particles (blue) replicating from a section of a chronically contaminated H9 T cell (purple).

A 63-year-old man has been functionally cured of HIV with a bone marrow transplant. Whereas bone marrow donations have resulted in HIV remission prior to now, that is the primary time that has occurred with a donation from the recipient’s sibling.

The person obtained a bone marrow donation from his brother, who has a uncommon genetic mutation referred to as CCR5Δ32 that confers resistance to HIV-1, the most typical sort of human immunodeficiency virus. When an individual has two copies of this genetic mutation, the CCR5 floor protein, to which HIV generally binds, is prevented from being expressed on human immune cells referred to as T cells. A paper printed right now in Nature Microbiology confirmed how, after the transplant, the donor cells had changed the HIV-positive man’s bone marrow cells and their genes had two copies of a CCR5Δ32 mutation (not all cells within the recipient’s physique obtained changed, nonetheless). His wholesome T cell rely soared within the yr after the process and stayed at wholesome ranges after he stopped antiretroviral remedy (ART)—the gold normal therapy for HIV—two years later.

ART medicine can forestall HIV from reproducing within the physique and spreading to different folks. However they don’t eradicate the virus totally—it sticks round in dormant reservoirs across the physique. If an individual with HIV stops taking ART, the virus begins spreading once more.

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Within the new examine, the researchers examined the recipient’s blood, intestine tissues and bone marrow to seek for reservoirs of HIV after the bone marrow transplant. They discovered no detectable HIV within the locations it might usually linger in somebody who was on ART.

“If this response doesn’t occur in all or no less than a lot of the immunological tissues, there could be a danger for rebound in some unspecified time in the future,” says Marius Trøseid, an infectious illness specialist at Oslo College Hospital and a co-author of the paper. “I believe now we have proven, for the primary time, that it’s a whole engraftment—each in peripheral blood, which has been proven in a number of different instances, in bone marrow, which has additionally been proven in a few different instances, after which additionally the intestine mucosal tissue, which we expect is vital for [a] remedy.”

However this therapy isn’t but accessible for most individuals with HIV. Sufferers in New York Metropolis, London, Dusseldorf and different locations who achieved HIV remission after a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a CCR5Δ32 mutation every wanted it for one more motive, reminiscent of most cancers therapy.

“That is actually just for a affected person with further malignancies or medical situations that require a transplant as a result of [by] itself, it is simply too dangerous” in contrast with ongoing ART therapy, says Jingmei Hsu, an oncologist at NYU Langone Well being’s Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Most cancers Heart and lead creator of the examine on a affected person in New York Metropolis, who was not a part of the brand new paper.

For recipients, bone marrow transplants current important dangers, together with extreme infections, graft versus host illness (GVHD), during which donor cells assault the affected person’s physique, and even dying. So “the chance of transplant must be considerably decrease than the chance of the affected person dying from their malignancy,” Trøseid says.

By numerous research which have measured the impact of a bone marrow transplant on an individual’s HIV standing, scientists have seen the an infection go into remission even when the donor doesn’t have two copies of the CCR5Δ32 mutation. As a result of the brand new examine used donor cells from the affected person’s sibling, it provides novel details about how these transplants work.

If the cells are too totally different from these of the donor, transplant problems reminiscent of GVHD could possibly be extra of a priority, says Björn-Erik Ole Jensen, head of the infectious illness division on the College Hospital of Dusseldorf, who was not concerned on this examine. If the donor cells are too just like these of the recipient, nonetheless, there’s a danger that the therapy might fail to successfully destroy contaminated T cells.

“[A sibling transplant] could also be a distinction, however we don’t perceive all the things completely,” Jensen says. “This is the reason all these instances are nonetheless fascinating.”

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West Coast Stat Views (on Observational Epidemiology and extra): We are able to all agree: spaceflight is cool.

Dr. Mike
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West Coast Stat Views (on Observational Epidemiology and extra): We are able to all agree: spaceflight is cool.


 

It’s enjoyable to dream about being an astronaut. Missions just like the Artemis program are good issues. And we will all be glad concerning the profitable completion of this mission.

However.

As we’ve been by way of earlier than, the financial case for near-term deep-space missions is sort of nonexistent. The financial (and, for that matter, the scientific) case for manned area missions past low orbit is successfully nonexistent.

It has lengthy been an open secret at NASA that the essential work is on the unmanned aspect of the group. The first cause for doing manned missions—although it was seldom mentioned out loud—was that this was the glamorous aspect, the half that acquired individuals excited and, in reality, backed the actual work.

The response to Artemis each confirms the soundness of that take and its limitations (the administration proposed cuts at the same time as individuals have been cheering the splashdown). It additionally illustrates our deep nostalgia for the Area Age.

There’s a legend that has been a very long time within the making, however which really grabbed the general public creativeness within the twenty first century, nurtured by numerous TED Talks. It tells of how we have been as soon as a nation that dared to dream, impressed by visionary leaders—however, as with all golden-age myths, we misplaced this valuable spark.

The centerpiece of those tales is the concept that we went to the Moon due to a speech John F. Kennedy gave within the early ’60s. The reality is just not almost so lofty. The first driver for Apollo, and the Area Race normally, was the Chilly Conflict. This system additionally obtained an amazing enhance when Kennedy was assassinated and Lyndon B. Johnson—Washington’s main advocate for manned area exploration—turned president.

There may be appreciable reality to the concept that Individuals dreamed greater within the postwar period, that there was a higher sense of risk, however the concept that these huge goals led to the thrilling expertise of the period will get the causality nearly precisely fallacious.

To be clear, the postwar period actually was a tremendous time by way of expertise altering individuals’s lives, at the least in sure components of the world. By way of future shock, it was solely exceeded by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These advances, nevertheless, had nearly nothing to do with motivational-speaker-style pablum, and every little thing to do with economics, politics, authorities insurance policies, navy priorities, and a few fortuitous scientific breakthroughs that both occurred in or shortly earlier than 1945.

There are issues we will do to duplicate a few of these situations—issues that may nearly actually result in extra breakthroughs and would in all probability pay for themselves in price–profit phrases. Sadly, manned spaceflight is just not amongst them.

Within the years following the missions, there was a closely promoted piece of frequent knowledge that the Apollo program had greater than paid for itself not directly by way of advances in fields like supplies science and computing. Whereas the particular claims weren’t false, the argument itself was, at finest, half true. It’s nonetheless an open query whether or not these new “space-age” merchandise and capabilities truly pushed this system past the break-even level by way of price. Nonetheless extra damning, the return on analysis {dollars} from different public and de facto public analysis—similar to DARPA, the Division of Agriculture, and blue-sky labs similar to Bell Labs—tended to be a lot higher.

You may make a great case that DARPA alone was the first basis for the tech financial system of the twenty first century, with Bell Labs coming in a good second. (Remind me to get round to a submit on Thomas Edison’s proposed “DARPA earlier than DARPA,” and the way even his reputational capital wasn’t sufficient to beat the navy’s interdepartmental rivalries and total resistance to reform.)

I don’t need to come off as solely adverse right here. Packages like Artemis are inspirational, and this type of manned exploration does produce actual science. However notably lately, when a lot of our discourse and decision-making are pushed by foolish memes and pathological con males, we’ve got to be sincere with ourselves about even the best of endeavors. 

7 View Transitions Recipes to Attempt

Dr. Mike
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7 View Transitions Recipes to Attempt


View transitions are actually, actually neat. Not solely that, however they’re beginning to pop up in every single place. I’m certain you’re like me and have come throughout various within the wild that each make you go wow and wish to immediately use them by yourself web site or undertaking.

On the identical time, view transitions might be tough to “get” at first. They are often easy, certain, however most something past a cross-fade includes a number of shifting components.

I have a tendency to seek out that one of the simplest ways to be taught one thing new is to see the code, use them myself, after which construct upon them. So, I’ve collected seven view transition recipes for precisely that. We’ll go over the essential setup, demo the recipes, and switch you unfastened to experiment!

It’s completely high quality to go beneath and simply copy the one you want probably the most, however if you wish to perceive what view transitions are all about, then I like to recommend going by means of a fast introduction first earlier than attending to the recipes.

Oh, and earlier than we soar in, it’s price noting that view transitions are certainly Baseline and supported by all main browsers as I’m scripting this. However some varieties of animations might or will not be supported by a particular browser, so control that and check, as all the time.

The setup

For every view transition, we’ll have to perform a little setup beforehand. First off, we have to choose in to them utilizing the @view-transition at-rule on each pages — the web page we’re on and the web page we’re transitioning to. In case you’re utilizing templates in your web site, then this would possibly go within the header template so it globally applies in every single place.

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: ;
  }
}

That is the one half you possibly can’t immediately copy-paste. It’s a placeholder for the varieties descriptor, one thing we’ve lined intimately earlier than. It’s extra nuanced than this, however varieties are mainly the animation identify we give to a particular transition. That method, if we’re working with a number of transitions, we might be specific about which of them are energetic to forestall them from conflicting with each other. However learn that linked article to get deeper into it.

Discover how we’ve the @view-transition walled behind the prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference media question. Not everybody needs motion on their pages and that’s a choice that may be set on the OS stage, so we’ll respect that the place wanted this fashion.

Lastly, we’ll apply our animation as follows:

html:active-view-transition-type()::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: a-cool-outgoing-animation 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type()::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: a-cool-incoming-animation 1.4s ease forwards;
}

…the place the :active-view-transtion-type() pseudo matches the transition sort we outline in the @view-transition rule. For instance, if we’re calling an animation that we’ve named bounce, then we’d use that within the at-rule like this:

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: ;
  }
}

…in addition to the pseudo like this:

/* The "present" web page */
html:active-view-transition-type(bounce)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: bounce-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

/* The web page we're transitioning to */
html:active-view-transition-type(bounce)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: bounce-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

OK, that’s sufficient context to get began with the recipes. Once more, be happy to make use of any of those in your individual experiments or initiatives.

Pixelate dissolve

This one’s form of like a easy cross-fade, however blurs issues out because the previous web page content material fades out and the brand new web page content material fades in.

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: pixelate-dissolve;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(pixelate-dissolve)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: pixelate-out 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(pixelate-dissolve)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: pixelate-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

@keyframes pixelate-out {
  0% {
    filter: blur(0px);
    opacity: 1;
  }
  100% {
    filter: blur(40px);
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes pixelate-in {
  0% {
    filter: blur(40px);
    opacity: 0;
  }
  100% {
    filter: blur(0px);
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

Wipe up

Right here, we’re utilizing the clip-path property to realize the “wipe-up” impact we’re the content material for a brand new web page slides up from the underside, changing the “previous” content material.

The method is easy: for the outgoing web page, we transfer from its default inset() worth of 0 0 0 0 (which creates a rectangle on the prime, proper, backside, and left borders) of the web page and alter the backside worth to 100%. Which means, the web page goes from prime to backside.

The incoming web page begins clipping from the prime at 100% and goes all the way down to 0.

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: wipe-up;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(wipe-up)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: wipe-out 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(wipe-up)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: wipe-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

@keyframes wipe-out {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 100% 0);
  }
}

@keyframes wipe-in {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(100% 0 0 0);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
}

We may simply as simply make issues wipe proper, wipe backside, and wipe left just by altering the inset values. For instance, right here’s issues wiping proper:

@keyframes wipe-out {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 100%);
  }
}

@keyframes wipe-in {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 100% 0 0);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
}

The wipe proper works equally to wipe up, besides that the outgoing web page goes from the middle and cuts in the direction of the precise. That’s why the second worth goes from 0 to 100%. Equally, the incoming web page goes from 100% from the left to 0.

Similar form of take care of wiping downward:

@keyframes wipe-out {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(100% 0 0 0);
  }
}

@keyframes wipe-in {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 100% 0);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
}

You get the concept!

Rotate in-out

This one’s somewhat, um, bizarre. Positively not probably the most sensible factor on this planet, but it surely does show how far you possibly can go along with view transitions.

We use the the scale() and rotate() capabilities to zoom and rotate the web page content material, the place the “previous” web page scales all the way down to 0 and rotates clockwise by 180deg. Following that, the “new” web page content material scales as much as 1 and rotates counter-clockwise by -180deg. Slightly opacity is thrown in to assist in giving the phantasm that stuff goes out and coming in.

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: zoom-rotate;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(zoom-rotate)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: zoom-rotate-out 1.4s ease forwards;
  transform-origin: middle;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(zoom-rotate)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: zoom-rotate-in 1.4s ease forwards;
  transform-origin: middle;
}

@keyframes zoom-rotate-out {
  to {
    rework: scale(0) rotate(180deg);
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes zoom-rotate-in {
  from {
    rework: scale(0) rotate(-180deg);
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

Circle wipe-out

This one’s much more delicate than the final one. It could possibly be much more noticeable if the content material we’re transitioning to is extra distinct. However as you’ll see within the following video, the “background between “previous” and “new” pages share the identical background, making for a extra seamless transition.

The circle comes courtesy of the clip-path property, attracts the form from the middle utilizing the circle() operate, going from from 0% (no dimension) to 150% (sized past the content material), making it encapsulate the complete web page.

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: circular-wipe;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(circular-wipe)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: circle-wipe-out 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(circular-wipe)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: circle-wipe-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

@keyframes circle-wipe-out {
  to {
    clip-path: circle(0% at 50% 50%);
  }
}

@keyframes circle-wipe-in {
  from {
    clip-path: circle(0% at 50% 50%);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: circle(150% at 50% 50%);
  }
}

Diagonal push

This one pushes out the “previous” web page with the “new” web page from the bottom-right nook of the display screen to the top-right nook — or, actually, any nook we would like by adjusting values.

For the bottom-right, I set the animation to translate to -100% on the X and Y axes, which pushes it away from the display screen. Then it is available in from the other nook to its default place at 0%. Slightly opacity helps easy issues out.

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: diagonal-push;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(diagonal-push)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: diagonal-out 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(diagonal-push)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: diagonal-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

@keyframes diagonal-out {
  to {
    rework: translate(-100%, -100%);
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

@keyframes diagonal-in {
  from {
    rework: translate(100%, 100%);
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

Curtain reveal

This one’s just like the a curtain is closing on the “previous” web page and opens up with the “new” web page. It’s one other one the place the inset() operate comes into play. We outline rectangles positioned 50% on the proper and left. This will increase to 50% when the web page goes out and reduces to 0 when the web page is coming in, making the picture seem from the center going to left and proper like a curtain!

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: curtain;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(curtain)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: curtain-out 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(curtain)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: curtain-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

@keyframes curtain-out {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
}

@keyframes curtain-in {
  from {
    clip-path: inset(0 50% 0 50%);
  }
  to {
    clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0);
  }
}

3D flip

We’re form of faking one web page “flipping” out like a two-sided card whereas the subsequent web page flips in, each alongside the Z axis.

Full snippet 
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  @view-transition {
    navigation: auto;
    varieties: flip-3d;
  }
}

html:active-view-transition-type(flip-3d)::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: flip-out 1.4s ease forwards;
}

html:active-view-transition-type(flip-3d)::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: flip-in 1.4s ease forwards;
}

@keyframes flip-out {
  0% {
    rework: rotateY(0deg) translateX(0vw);
  }
  100% {
    rework: rotateY(-90deg) translateX(-100vw);
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

@keyframes flip-in {
  0% {
    rework: rotateY(90deg) translateX(100vw);
  }
  100% {
    rework: rotateY(0deg) translateX(0vw);
  }
}

Any cool recipes you wish to share?

I’d love to see extra examples and concepts if in case you have them! Bramus (or Brandi, as I name him) took the time to create a bunch of view transition examples in an interactive demo which are undoubtedly price .

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