Friday, April 24, 2026

Approximation to unravel an indirect triangle


The earlier submit gave a easy and correct approximation for the smaller angle of a proper triangle. Given a proper triangle with sides ab, and c, the place a is the shortest facet and c is the hypotenuse, the angle reverse facet a is roughly

in radians. The earlier submit labored in levels, however right here we’ll use radians.

If the triangle is indirect slightly than a proper triangle, there an approximation for the angle A that doesn’t require inverse trig capabilities, although it does require sq. roots. The approximation is derived in [1] utilizing the identical collection that’s the foundation of the approximation within the earlier submit, the facility collection for two csc(x) + cot(x).

For an indirect triangle, the approximation isA approx frac{6 sqrt{(s - b)(s - c)}}{2sqrt{bc} + sqrt{s(s-a)}}

the place s is the semiperimeter.

s = frac{a + b + c}{2}

For comparability, we are able to discover the precise worth of A utilizing the regulation of cosines.

a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2 bc cos A

and so

A = cos^{-1}left(frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{2bc}right)

Right here’s a bit Python script to see how correct the approximation is.

from math import sqrt, acos

def approx(a, b, c):
    "approximate the angle reverse a"
    s = (a + b + c)/2
    return 6*sqrt((s - b)*(s - c)) / (2*sqrt(b*c) + sqrt(s*(s - a)))

def actual(a, b, c):
    "actual worth of the angle reverse a"    
    return acos((b**2 + c**2 - a**2)/(2*b*c))

a, b, c = 6, 7, 12
print( approx(a, b, c) )
print( actual(a, b, c) )

This prints

0.36387538476776243
0.36387760856668505

exhibiting that in our instance the approximation is nice to 5 decimal locations.

[1] H. E. Stelson. Word on the approximate resolution of an indirect triangle with out tables. American Mathematical Month-to-month. Vol 56, No. 2 (February, 1949), pp. 84–95.

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