How typically, on common, do you neglect to take your each day meds?
For me, it’s about twice per week. And that’s for one thing as low-stakes as a vitamin D complement. It’s not the tip of the world if I’m a little bit poor. However in relation to HIV prevention, lacking a dose of your prescribed each day prevention capsules may imply the distinction between safety and a brand new an infection.
A brand new drug known as lenacapavir would possibly completely change the sport, although.
Proper now, our most generally used software to stave off HIV — which killed an estimated 630,000 folks final yr — is thru prevention capsules, known as pre-exposure prophylaxis. PrEP works extraordinarily effectively and has prevented tens of millions of HIV infections within the 13 years it’s been round. However the catch is that the capsules have to be taken each single day. In a lot of the International South, having constant entry to it stays a giant hurdle, on high of points with adherence and stigma.
That’s the rationale why, by 2023, solely about 6 million folks worldwide have been on PrEP, a fraction of the tens of tens of millions who may benefit. Every year, one other 1.3 million folks nonetheless purchase HIV.
However a discreet shot taken simply twice a yr, like lenacapavir, removes forgetfulness — and a few stigma — out of the equation. For a area the place breakthroughs have been uncommon, lenacapavir has virtually vaccine-like efficacy (although it’s not one). In medical trials, the drug confirmed one hundred pc safety in ladies and roughly 96 p.c in males, transgender, and nonbinary folks. These are the sort of numbers policymakers can’t ignore.
The US Meals and Drug Administration accredited it in June, the World Well being Group endorsed it in July, and the European Union adopted in August. The Trump administration — which grounded its lifesaving world well being work to a near-complete cease eleven months in the past — not too long ago made lenacapavir the middle of its “America First” world well being technique.
For as soon as, science (and its notoriously gradual paperwork) shouldn’t be the holdup. Lenacapavir went from US approval to pictures in African clinics in only a few months, and the primary shipments have already arrived in Eswatini and Zambia. “We’ve by no means seen a well being expertise enter low- and middle-income markets with this pace,” Mitchell Warren from the advocacy group AVAC informed me.
However the rollout is now being wielded as a political software. What that “America First” slogan really means for world well being is beginning to come into focus. Simply days in the past, the State Division introduced it is not going to provide South Africa — the nation with the world’s highest HIV burden — with any of the US-funded lenacapavir doses.
Who will get this breakthrough drug first is beginning to look much less like a query of the place HIV is worst and extra like a query of who’s within the administration’s good books.
4 a long time in the past, an HIV an infection was a near-death sentence. However since then, we’ve marched towards progress — making higher medicine with easier regimens and widening entry.
However even in spite of everything that work, we nonetheless don’t have a remedy or a real vaccine. That’s why an innovation like lenacapavir feels notable.
For years, HIV medicine focused the virus’s enzymes, and it wasn’t apparent that concentrating on the rest would work. Then, within the Nineteen Nineties, researchers backed by the Nationwide Institutes of Well being started learning how the virus builds its cone-shaped shell, known as the capsid. Most scientists dismissed it as “undruggable” — a clean protein construction with no apparent place for a drugs to stay.
However a small band of virologists thought in another way. They spent years attempting to find a molecule that might jam the capsid’s formation. After numerous useless ends, that hunch paid off. The work led to lenacapavir, the primary drug to efficiently assault the virus’s shell and block a number of steps in its life cycle.
“This drug is extraordinary — the closest factor to a vaccine that we’ve got.”
— Dr. Megan Ranney, DEAN OF THE Yale Faculty of Public Well being
In a landmark medical trial that started in 2021 and enrolled greater than 2,000 teen women and younger ladies from South Africa and Uganda, nobody who obtained lenacapavir contracted HIV. The impact was so hanging that, in June 2024, an unbiased security board informed researchers to finish the trial’s blinded section early — persevering with would’ve meant withholding an clearly efficient drug from some contributors.
“It could’ve been unethical to not,” stated Linda-Gail Bekker, an infectious illness doctor on the College of Cape City and one of many trial’s lead investigators.
These numbers are actually spectacular, however lenacapavir’s efficacy as an injectable is one other plus. In a lot of sub-Saharan Africa, the place HIV burden is among the many heaviest, injectable contraception is already probably the most extensively used type of contraception. For many individuals, injections are extra discreet and sensible than taking a each day capsule. “It’s a really acknowledged idea. … Injections are a really enticing possibility,” Bekker stated. That familiarity could possibly be the distinction between a prevention software that works in principle, and one folks really use.
As lenacapavir emerged from late-stage trials, with outcomes exhibiting near-perfect safety, the world took discover. In 2024, the editors of Science, the distinguished scientific journal, named lenacapavir their breakthrough of the yr. “This drug is extraordinary — the closest factor to a vaccine that we’ve got,” stated Dr. Megan Ranney, the dean of the Yale Faculty of Public Well being and one of many Science editors.
A twice-yearly shot that may almost get rid of new infections must be the stuff of celebration. Lenacapavir may mark the start of the tip of HIV.
However, as all the time in public well being, the science is just half the story.
A breakthrough solely issues if it will get off the shelf and reaches the individuals who want it most. And in a lot of the world, that depends upon policymakers.
Since 2003, the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Reduction, or PEPFAR, has been an important, world lever for HIV remedy entry. Launched below George W. Bush, PEPFAR has delivered lifesaving HIV remedy to poor international locations and has helped save greater than 25 million lives over its 22-year historical past. This system is funded by the US Congress, which renews its authority and price range — each of which may get caught up in politics.
When President Donald Trump returned to workplace in January, he ordered a broad freeze on US overseas support, throwing PEPFAR into limbo. Grants have been halted, drug shipments stalled, and USAID — this system’s foremost implementer — was dismantled virtually in a single day, stoking fears that the world’s most profitable HIV program was about to be killed off.
Then, in September, the administration introduced its plans to revive PEPFAR and roll out the breakthrough drug lenacapavir by means of it. The thought was easy: The US would purchase a giant chunk of the early provide from Gilead and ship these doses to “high-burden” international locations, with a particular deal with stopping infants from getting HIV from their moms. It seemed like a uncommon piece of fine information.
However, on November 20, Jeremy Lewin, the State Division official in command of PEPFAR, informed reporters that “US-funded doses is not going to be going to South Africa,” regardless of it having the largest HIV burden of any nation — about 8 million folks reside with HIV, or roughly one in 5 adults.
The administration hasn’t provided any public rationalization as to why. However to individuals who observe US-South Africa relations, the subtext is obvious. Trump has repeatedly clashed with South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa, together with a tense White Home assembly the place he accused South Africa of “white genocide” and unlawful land seizures. The administration issued an govt order basically calling South Africa a racist state, slashed different types of support, expelled its US ambassador, and blasted the federal government for taking Israel to the Worldwide Courtroom of Justice over alleged genocide in Gaza. “That geopolitical pushback by the Trump administration in opposition to South Africa has now mainly made its approach right into a public well being technique,” stated Fatima Hassan, a human rights lawyer who heads Well being Justice Initiative in Cape City, South Africa.
She stated that lenacapavir has turn into a sort of diplomatic carrot — and stick. Pleasant, compliant governments, like Eswatini, have obtained early shipments, whereas South Africa or Nigeria — international locations which have fallen out of favor with Trump — appear to have obtained the brief finish of the stick.
With the Trump administration’s block, South Africa is being reduce off from one of many two faucets of lenacapavir: the US-funded provide that flows by means of PEPFAR. The opposite faucet, the International Fund, remains to be open; a spokesperson there stated South Africa’s first cargo ought to land in February 2006. In 2026, Gilead expects to make 600,000 doses, roughly half of which will probably be purchased by the US and half by the International Fund. Washington has merely determined that none of its half will go to South Africa.
Even with out the chokehold, the provision wasn’t sufficient. South African modellers estimate the nation would want about 2 million folks a yr on lenacapavir to bend the curve of latest infections, far past what the early rollout can help.
Contained in the international locations that do get doses, the battle is over who counts as “excessive precedence.” The administration says it is going to prioritize delivering lenacapavir to pregnant and breastfeeding folks in eight to 12 yet-to-be-announced international locations as a part of Trump’s push to finish mother-to-child transmission of HIV by the tip of his time period. On paper, that’s a tidy objective — two injections can shield each mom and child by means of being pregnant and nursing — however advocates say that selection isn’t rooted in science.
In sub-Saharan Africa, younger ladies, broadly, account for almost all of latest infections, and elsewhere, it’s homosexual and bisexual males, trans folks, intercourse employees, and individuals who use medicine — those that have been disproportionately contaminated and died within the early a long time of the HIV epidemic. Now, channeling the brand new drug solely by means of maternal well being packages dangers leaving these communities out but once more.“Prioritizing pregnant and breastfeeding folks is ideological, not scientific,” stated Asia Russell of HealthGAP, a New York Metropolis-based AIDS advocacy group. “They’re a really, very small fraction of these in danger.” In sub-Saharan Africa, pregnant and breastfeeding folks face actual threat — just a few out of each hundred contract HIV every year — however they’re nonetheless a small slice of a bigger epidemic that’s largely pushed by younger ladies and queer males.
State Division official Jeremy Lewin additionally made their philosophy clear throughout the administration’s announcement. “There are not any NGOs concerned on this — none of these type of beltway bandits right here,” he stated, referring to the help teams which have historically carried out US-funded HIV packages. (It’s a loaded time period and a deceptive one, provided that oversight our bodies haven’t uncovered corruption at scale.) “It’s going to be the international locations [who are] accountable for distributing it by means of their nationwide healthcare programs.”
Which will sound environment friendly in Washington, however it’s extra difficult on the bottom.
That’s as a result of HIV isn’t like cholera or the flu — one thing you may beat with a one-size-fits-all marketing campaign. It impacts some teams greater than others and carries deep stigma, as a result of it’s tied to intercourse, sexuality, and drug use, all of that are moralized in lots of societies. And in additional than 60 international locations, the state is the very establishment that enforces, even criminalizes, that stigma.
Bekker, who runs an HIV analysis heart in South Africa, stated that even in locations with out formal bans, public clinics can really feel hostile to sexual and gender minorities. “The consequence,” she stated, “is that individuals simply don’t present up.” PEPFAR’s personal historical past exhibits that prevention works greatest when community-led teams comparable to LGBTQ+ clinics or drop-in facilities are included within the response. These are the areas that attain teams neglected by official programs. Ending toddler infections is essential, stated Jirair Ratevosian, a former senior PEPFAR advisor, however so is supporting community- and faith-based clinics “the place folks really really feel secure.”
In addition to the Trump administration (and all its political theater), there’s yet another key participant: Gilead Sciences, the California-based firm that developed lenacapavir.
In September, Gilead made two huge guarantees. First, it agreed to promote lenacapavir to PEPFAR at “no revenue,” for the preliminary rollout, though it’s unclear what that really means. Second — and extra importantly — it signed licensing offers with six generic producers, sharing its expertise so these corporations can begin getting ready to make cheaper variations.
Sometimes, drug corporations fiercely guard new medicines below patents for 20 years, throughout which period they alone could make and promote the medicine — and solely international locations that may afford the record worth get entry. As soon as these patents expire, generics can enter the market and drive prices down.
By making these licensing offers, Gilead is attempting to shorten that wait time so, if all goes to plan, poorer international locations may get lenacapavir in only a few years as a substitute of a long time later.
The licensing deal permits generics to be offered in 120 low- and lower-middle-income international locations, protecting many of the world’s poorest nations. As soon as these variations hit the market, they’ll price a fraction of Gilead’s price ticket — which within the US is $28,128 a yr per affected person, although few folks pay that sticker worth.
However the deal leaves out many upper-middle-income international locations comparable to Brazil or Argentina, the place infections have been rising. These nations fall right into a grey zone — too wealthy for affordable generics, too poor to afford Gilead’s costs.
For Gilead, a for-profit firm, sharing its drug method with generic makers would possibly sound beneficiant, however it’s not as easy because it seems. The licenses “carve the world into low-value markets the place generics can function [where Gilead won’t be making money anyway], and worthwhile ones the place Gilead retains its grip,” stated Tahir Amin, an intellectual-property lawyer and co-founder of Initiative for Medicines, Entry, and Information, a nonprofit that advocates for patent reform.
In the meantime, main philanthropists — the Gates Basis, Unitaid, Clinton Well being Entry Initiative, and Wits RHI — are doing their half to assist generics attain the market quicker. They’re backing two Indian generic producers with funding and technical help to assist scale manufacturing in order that low-cost variations of the drug can be found by 2027. If that works, it could price simply $40 per particular person per yr — roughly what each day oral PrEP prices right this moment.
If that occurs — that’s if we’re capable of make cheaper generics quicker, roll them out equitably, and ship them the place folks really feel secure — lenacapavir may make an actual dent within the HIV epidemic.
Breakthrough science doesn’t assure a breakthrough in public well being. That may depend upon the political selections we’re making now.
Replace, November 21, 2025, 3:45 pm ET: This story was initially printed on October 14 and has been up to date with new reporting after the Trump administration introduced it could not distribute Lenacapavir to South Africa.
