Epidemiology
Most outbreaks of Marburg virus have occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sporadic circumstances have additionally been reported in numerous elements of Europe and america. In 2008, for instance, circumstances that occurred within the US and Netherlands have been traced to individuals who had visited Sub-Saharan Africa. [8].
Healthcare employees treating victims of MARV and the members of the family of those victims are particularly vulnerable to contracting the virus. Individuals working at diagnostic facilities, veterinarians, and people working at quarantine services are additionally at elevated danger. Individuals who enterprise into caves or mines inhabited by fruit bats have an elevated danger of contracting MARV, as do those that journey to nations the place the illness is endemic [9].
The primary MARV outbreak (mentioned above) occurred when laboratory employees who have been experimenting on African inexperienced monkeys that have been imported from Uganda have been contaminated from the animals they have been working with [8]. Throughout this preliminary outbreak, 31 individuals have been identified, and 7 died. This led to a case-fatality fee of roughly 23%.
In 1975, three circumstances have been reported in Johannesburg, South Africa. The primary particular person admitted to a hospital with MVD was a person with a latest journey historical past to Zimbabwe. The person’s touring companion and a nurse who cared for him on the hospital additionally contracted the an infection. The person handed away, whereas the 2 ladies survived.
In 1980, Kenya reported two circumstances of MVD. The primary affected person had visited a collapse Kenya’s Mount Elgon Nationwide Park and was admitted to a hospital in Nairobi beneath specialised care. The affected person died after growing extreme issues. The physician who attended to the affected person developed signs 9 days later. Luckily, the doctor recovered.
In 1987, Kenya reported a single MVD case that turned out to be deadly. It was a 15-year-old Danish teenager who introduced with a latest historical past of headache, malaise, fever, and vomiting. Similar to the circumstances from 1980, {the teenager} had visited a collapse Mount Elgon Nationwide Park. Regardless of all of the care supplied by {the teenager}’s healthcare workforce, he died on the eleventh day of his sickness. Three years later, in 1990, one case was reported in Russia. This case additionally resulted in a deadly consequence. It was the primary MVD case ever reported in Russia [8].
The primary large MVD outbreak occurred between 1998 and 2000 in Durba, a village within the Haut-Uele Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Younger males who labored at a gold mine close to the city have been the primary victims. This outbreak resulted in 154 circumstances and 128 deaths (83% case-fatality fee) [2,8].
The second main MVD outbreak occurred between 2004 and 2005 in Angola. It started in Uige Province and have become one of many deadliest MVD outbreaks the world has ever seen. Round 252 circumstances and 227 deaths have been reported throughout this era. The case-fatality fee was virtually 90%, one of many highest amongst all viral hemorrhagic fevers outbreaks in historical past.
Between 2007 and 2017, there have been sporadic circumstances reported in Uganda. In the course of the 2007 outbreak, 4 younger males who labored at a lead and gold mine in Kamwenge District turned unwell. One affected person died, however the remaining three survived.
In 2008, one particular person was identified with MVD in america after visiting a cave within the Maramagambo Forest in Uganda. He developed an sickness 4 days after returning to the US. He was handled at a hospital and recovered. An analogous case occurred within the Netherlands in the identical 12 months from a 40-year-old Dutch lady who visited the identical Ugandan cave talked about above. The girl died on the tenth day of her sickness.
In 2012, one other important outbreak occurred in Kabale, Ibanda, Mbarara, and Kampala in Uganda, with 15 circumstances and 4 fatalities. In 2014, yet one more case was reported within the Kampala district of Uganda, which turned out to be deadly. The final outbreak on this nation occurred in 2017 within the Kween district within the japanese a part of the nation. 4 circumstances have been reported, and three turned out to be deadly.
In 2021, the Ministry of Well being of the Republic of Guinea reported a case of MVD. The end result was deadly. On this occasion, MVD was not confirmed till after the affected person died. Subsequently, contact tracing was carried out by healthcare officers, and round 170 high-risk contacts have been recognized and monitored for 3 weeks. All of them examined adverse, and no extra circumstances have been reported within the nation [8].
The latest Marburg outbreak occurred on July 7, 2022 within the southern Ashanti area of Ghana. Two suspected circumstances have been definitively recognized on July 15, 2022. Two extra suspected circumstances have been reported on July 25, 2022. One turned out to be optimistic for MVD. As of January 2023, there have been three reported MVD circumstances, out of which two died. Complete contact tracing was carried out in several elements of the nation [8, 10].
